Tianjin Industrial Clusters :: essays research papers

Modern Clusters in Tianjin Area About Industrial Clusters†¦ These days, showcase rivalry is step by step changing from comptetition between ventures to rivalry between esteem chains and even rivalry between mechanical bunches. The advancement of modern bunches is a social procedure changing from creation of Ford type to specific creation. State claimed endeavors help out remote organizations, together to bring down expenses and improve advertise response to become overall serious. Mechanical Clusters in Tianjin Variables that have set off the improvement Tianjin to turn into an Industrial Cluster: 1.     Development of state possessed ventures as establishment. 2.     Large number of existent prepared gifted modern specialized laborers. 3.     Created assembling industry culture. 4.     Created mechanical climate and institutional condition. Measures that should be taken to move Tianjin to a superior overall position: 1.     Government ought to advance examination and collaboration with colleges and make research establishments. 2.     Improve foundation to draw in laborforce and worldwide administration. 3.     Reform state possessed organizations, and law outline. 4.     Strive toward a â€Å"Made in China† name. Review of the 4 fundamental significant Industrial Clusters: Electronic Information Remarks:â â â â â -High LQ, (LQ =Location Quote, similar bit of leeway standards of a specific industry in a specific area)  â â â â -Mostly remote possessed. (USA, Korea, Japan Taiwan)  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â -Very great collaboration between organizations along the gracefully chain. Major Players:          Motorola (63% of deals). Principle Problems:â â â â â -Mostly remote organizations prompts finances reliance (90% outside, national normal 73%. - State claimed organizations have little scope, inadequate venture, slow speed advancement, frail serious force, mind channel and need inward inspiration power. - R&D communication between organizations, colleges and examination foundations are absent.  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Green Battery Remarks:â â â â â â â â â â -Research, Development, Production Leader in China  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â -Strong participation with Universties  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â -Extense assortment of items, Li-on, Ni-MH, Amorphic Silicon batteries. Significant Players:  â â â â â â â â â -Sanyo, Ltd Peace Bay Power, Tianjin Lishen Battery Ltd, Lantian Power. Principle Problems:â â â â â â â â â â -Industrial Chain needs further improvement  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â -Lack of advancement because of deficient R&D looked at around the world  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â -High level of computerization, however low level of adaptability  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â -Fewer kinds of items, significant expenses and moderate speed to address showcase issues. Autos Remarks:â â â â â -High Tax rate on imported autos has advanced the foundation of Auto Makers.  â â â â -Almost 100% reliant on Foreign assets  â â â â -Rapid market request development prompts push the advancement of the Auto Industry.  â â â â -Since China enter the WTO acquisitions and mergers have been extremely unique in this branch.  â â â â -More than 700 remote subsidized organizations make car extras in China. Significant Players:  â â â â -Toyota, Tianjin Automobile Group (in excess of 50 little and medium undertakings), FAW Group

Revolution in Cosmology Resolves Dispute over Universes Age Essay

Upset in Cosmology Resolves Dispute over Universe's Age Just shy of seven years prior, cosmologists utilizing the Hubble space telescope introduced results they trusted would help answer one of the most combative issues in cosmology of the twentieth century †the subject of the separation size of the universe. Yet, there was some disquiet when the outcome was reported. As indicated by the report, different universes were close enough that, extrapolating in reverse from their present pace of downturn and making changes for the impact of gravity, they the sum total of what might have been together (that is, the Big Bang would have happened) as of late as 8 billion years back. Shockingly, there was solid proof as of now set up that a few stars were at any rate 12-15 billion years of age †clearly originating before the root of the universe itself! While these two profoundly hopeless qualities for the universe's age unquestionably represented a genuine test to cosmologists, most essentially accepted that better estimations would put the separation downsize in accordance with the more established age. What nobody expected is that goals to this issue would lie not in remedied estimations however an unrest in cosmology, and the obvious revelation of what adds up to a secretive new embodiment of the universe †a fifth component that covers up in vacuum and drives the development of the universe. The logical investigation of the age and starting point of the universe is personally connected with the estimations of extragalactic separation, and thusly the science didn't exist until estimation strategies exact to such scales were created. Separation estimation has consistently been hard for stargazers †until the 1800s, nobody knew even the separation to the closest star (other than the Sun), and th... ...pressure and an entire host of other peculiar properties that gravitationally repulse all encompassing space, extending the universe without any physical substance. Besides, by growing the universe, progressively void space is made, making significantly more antigravitational power and causing the universe to extend ever quicker, prompting a runaway extension that will in the long run come full circle in the weakening of all staying issue into nothingness. Also, in this lies the answer for the long-standing age issue. On the off chance that the universe's development is continually getting quicker, it more likely than not been more slow before, pushing the age of the universe upward to around 13 billion years, directly in accordance with the times of stars. So with no significant correction to the separation to close by worlds or the periods of stars, the subject of the genuine age of the universe has been understood in a manner nobody anticipated.

Second-year student reflections COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Second-year student reflections COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Columbia Universitys campus-wide graduation exercises are today, and tomorrow our Class of 2016 Seeples will officially graduate at our own ceremony. Everyone at the Office of Admissions Financial Aid are particularly  sad to say goodbye to our PAs and Admissions Ambassadors, but were thrilled to know they will be going on to do some amazing things. So today, we dedicate this blog post to all of them, and want to reflect on everything theyve already accomplished in the last two years alone. Heres a look at what three of our Seeples two Admissions Ambassadors and one PA have been up to over the last (roughly) 730 days. Did anyone else shed a few tears? Nojust me?

Effective Leadership Style on Groupthink Essay example

Introduction A leader is the key element that affects the overall group’s success by inspiring members to collaborate to achieve a common goal. The approach that the leader takes to lead a group (i.e., leadership style) plays a significant role in group decision-making process and decision quality. Effective leadership encourages members’ participation in decision-making process, and promotes cooperation and motivation among group members. On the other hand, ineffective leadership, which lacks impartiality, can be a great risk factor for groupthink; a phenomenon refers to poor decision process and decision quality (Chapman, 2006). Groupthink is undesirable for groups because it is detrimental to group development. In order to demonstrate†¦show more content†¦Effective decision-making process is possible only when an impartial leader leads the group and encourages participation, collaboration and collective decision-making. Leadership Style: Authoritarian vs. Participative Leadership According to the leadership theory by Kurt Lewin (1939), there are different leadership styles that affect group dynamics such as decision-making, effectiveness of group work, communication, collaboration, and etc. The two of leadership styles, authoritarian and participative, are highly related to the concept of groupthink. Groups with autocratic leaders who promote their preferred solutions are more likely to fall into groupthink than groups with non-promotional leaders (i.e. democratic and impartial) (Ahlfinger Esser, 2001). In other words, groups led by controlling leaders who fail to encourage participation of group members in decision-making process would produce symptoms of groupthink and poor quality of decisions. On the other hand, groups with democratic leaders who make decisions by consulting with the group members while still maintaining control of the group are guarded against groupthink (Kearney Gebert, 2009 ). So allowing greater input from group members protects groups from making faulty irrational decisions and encourages open discussion and critical appraisal. Authoritarian Leadership (Autocratic) In authoritarian leadership, the leaders make the decisions without the involvement or input of the group members. MakingShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of A Team Vs Teamthink1261 Words   |  6 PagesGroupthink and/or Teamthink, which one is the best choice for your company? This paper will take a look at the process of evolving a group into a team and the importance of organizational culture in the process. We will take a look at appropriate leadership styles that would be most effective for managing a group or a team, also taking into consideration multicultural teams. Finally, we will point out some of the advantages and disadvantages of having groups or teams. Let’s begin by providing aRead MoreEssay on Leadership Reflections: Aspects of Dysfunctional Leadership1520 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Reflections: Aspects of Dysfunctional Leadership Based on assigned readings (ORG515 Module 3), this journal entry reflects on three prevalent forms of dysfunctional leadership (Vecchio, 2007) that potentially impact the author’s effectiveness as a leader – groupthink, aversive behavior, and destructive narcissism. Proceeding from a definitional overview, the discussion identifies aspects of these dysfunctional behaviors that are relevant to the author. This entry then considers appropriateRead MoreThe Post Bureaucratic Era Of The Columbian And The Challenger Accident Incurred By Nasa1520 Words   |  7 Pagespost-bureaucratic era has seen the augmentation of leadership practices cultivating business sustainability from a pecuniary model to an ecological modernised ideology. Although, such dynamic contribution to business dogma has transformed neo-classical principles. Thus, exemplifying it as a â€Å"hybrid† form of economic â€Å"bureaucratic† growth and â€Å"Weberian† social and environmental rational (Clegg and Courpasson 2004: pg; 527). In this essay, I argue that post-bureaucratic leadership practices contribute to managing sustainabilityRead MoreHow Do We Manage Groups And Teams?1335 Words   |  6 Pageswith leadership style models are those who are: commanding – these individuals likes to dictate, always want a person to do what they say, next you should have a vision, Affiliative – focus on emotional needs, democratic- is when people listen to both the bad and good news, pacesetting- is when an individual build ways a person can challenge each other and set goals for an individual, finally – coaching is when an individual help people find its strength and weakness. (Using six leadership stylesRead MoreEssential Tools to Deal with Resistance to Change Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pagesimplementation process, but there are tools available which leaders can utilize to reduce this possibility. The essential tools will be discussed in this paper a long with the reasons for utilizing them in a change implementation process. Adaptive Leadership Overcoming resistance is not just about changing the employee’s perception or behavior regarding the change. It is also about the leader’s behavior and the challenge as a change leader or change agent. An essential tool that leaders should utilizeRead MoreDeveloping A Global Society With Interlocking Values, And Goals Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst stage may cause duration, the time process may be reduced when a leader acts as a binder. The storming stage is the intragroup conflict, members test the ability of leaders as well self, and the other participating members. It’s possible that leadership roles may be eliminated when positions are irrelevant in the group culture. The norming phase is perhaps one of the most fulfilling and important stages, since members develop a shared focus. This allows the group to progress to the phase of performanceRead MoreA Reinforcement Of Leadership Practices Essay1722 Words   |  7 PagesA reinforcement of leadershi p practices in the post-bureaucratic era has refined business management sustainability from a monetary model to an environmental ideal. However, immense contribution to business notions has renewed neo-classical principles. Therefore, highlights a â€Å"hybrid† practice of the â€Å"Weberian† ecology and pecuniary â€Å"bureaucratic† advancements. (Clegg and Courpassan 2004: pg.; 527). In this essay, I discuss that post-bureaucratic leadership practices to an extent has contributedRead MoreLeadership Styles Of The Marine Corps1713 Words   |  7 PagesThe majority of my experience dealing with leadership in the Marine Corps had been both positive and negative. It always seemed like the great leaders that I did have the pleasure of following never had the chance to survive due to their power hungry superiors. We are all able to learn from the mistakes and success from all styles of leadership. What I am learning from this course is that each style of leadership can work depending on the type of organization. I try to imagine and embrace the thoughtRead MoreLeadership And Group Dynamics Between The American Corporate World And The Us Army3235 Words   |  13 Pagesinforming them on the military knowledge they can apply. In both environments, it is indisputable that leadership and interactions within groups are crucial to success. Therefore, this paper specifically examines the similarities in leadership and group dynamics between the American corporate world and the US army. While the discipline of business administration helps examine leadership styles, psychology is essential to the study of group dynamics. Under the umbrella of business administrationRead MoreMt Everest Simulation3700 Words   |  15 PagesMt. Everest Simulation- Personal Reflection Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction to Mount Everest team and Leadership simulation 2 2.0 Our Team Process Efficacy 3 2.1 The role of the leader 3 2.2 Psychological Safety 5 2.3 Group Thinking 7 3.0 Conclusions 8 4.0 Reference 9 1.0 Introduction to Mount Everest team and Leadership simulation Climbing Mount Everest is a dangerous undertaking, a Herculean task fraught with difficulties, danger, complexities and volatile

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1398 Words

â€Å"To do two things at once is to do neither†(Syrus). As Publilius Syrus suggests, in an age where multitasking is more common than the ideals concencentration, it is important to reconsider the capabilities of man. The idea of taking on multiple tasks underlines man’s capabilities in that it often gears the mind in two opposite directions with equal power. In this regard, though it may seem efficient, it is actually vile for man to attempt to sustain multiple projects that gear toward opposite directions. This idea is confirmed by F. Scott Fitzgeralds’ The Great Gatsby, a novel in which the protagonist Jay Gatsby illustrates why man isn’t capable of taking on two equal and opposite projects at the same time. Gatsby fails to conquer Daisy†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"They’re a rotten crowd,† I shouted across the lawn. â€Å"You’re worth the whole damn bunch put together†(Fitzgerald 154). Far beyond hierarchy, there i s character. Gatsby, well known for his reserved nature doesn’t fit into the life of Daisy Buchanan. She is a â€Å"rotten†, careless woman and as Nick points out Gatsby is something else. He is full of heart. He is a thoughtful person who associated himself better with the lower class than the upper class. Gatsby’s only fault is that he is torn by the power of the upper class while trying to obtain Daisy. In much the same manner, Gatsby later shows off how his character is impossible to hide despite his wealth. As he wishes to meet up with Daisy again, he refuses to employ his power to seek her. Jordan reveals the cause of her surprise earlier, â€Å"It was that night he sent got me at his dance, and you should have hear the elaborate way he worked up to it. Of course I immediately suggested a luncheon in New York-and I thought he’d go mad: â€Å"I don’t want to do anything out of the way! he kept saying, ‘I want to see her right next do or.’(Fitzgerald 79). Gatsby is powerful person, he gets what he wants, when he wants it. One thing is clear though, he doesn’t think the same way as the rest of his fellow high-class friends. He doesn’t stand for any drama, or attention from people, but rather he remains the same introverted person who hopes to find Daisy in a private manner. Gatsby doesn’t

Assessing what appears to be the use of LAMP in Eduardo Gamarra’s CVA Free Essays

In January 2003, Eduardo Gamarra and his research team set out to lend their professional and academic expertise in mitigating the probable causes of Bolivian conflicts through the Conflict Vulnerability Assessment or CVA of Bolivia (Gamarra, 2003, p. 1). Assessing the possible causes of conflicts in Bolivia will stop the ongoing threats to countrywide instability. We will write a custom essay sample on Assessing what appears to be the use of LAMP in Eduardo Gamarra’s CVA or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Bolivian instability may have started and peeked during the 2002 elections where parties started to clamor for position by entering into party coalitions; due to this, the majority vote that should have been echoed as the Bolivian democracy has been counterproductive to insure the satisfaction of party coalition based interests (Gamarra, 2003, p. 4). Through the CVA, Gamarra deems that it is possible to predict possible events that could turn into violent confrontations by taking into account the premises set by the present Bolivian political landscape. In relation to the main objectives of this research paper, Eduardo Gamarra’s preemptive and predictive research to address future Bolivian conflicts will be assessed through the methodology that Gamarra employed in his research. As of this point, Gamarra’s CVA appears to employ predictive methodologies in its attempts to prevent the occurrence of violent confrontations in Bolivia. Furthermore, CVA appears to follow conventions of predictive research such as those prescribed in LAMP. As the center of this research paper, Lockwood Analytical Method of Prediction (LAMP) is one of the widely used predictive research methodologies (LAMP, 2010, p. n. pag. ). This methodology offers a new methodological approach from the conventional quantity based projections in predictive researches (LAMP, 2010, p. n. pag. ). LAMP can be assumed as the methodology used by Gamarra in CVA since CVA is also highly predictive in terms of its generalizations. This research paper will assess whether Gamarra’s CVA as a predictive work follows the guidelines set by LAMP. By qualifying the CVA parts and foci with the twelve steps prescribed in LAMP, this paper seeks to fulfill its objective and deems that a definitive conclusion is possible to arrive at. Gamarra as a follower of LAMP as seen in his CVA To conclusively qualify whether Gamarra used the LAMP method in writing the CVA would require the tedious work of identifying whether the part of the LAMP are present in the CVA. This task is impeded by the fact that the final format of the CVA does not have the same labels as the LAMP; at least not as blatant. However, the idea that Gamarra used the LAMP in his CVA can be seen through the parts that his CVA put so much attention on (which follows LAMP prescriptions). These parts appears to have been presented in the CVA; these parts entails almost fifty percent accordance to the prescribe methodology in LAMP. In the whole CVA, the issue that holds the most bearing is the mitigation and prevention of conflicts in Bolivia. Gamarra and his team was more than solid in reiterating that the CVA will focus on Bolivia as a conflict prone country. This is the reason why Gamarra and his team spent a lot of time in trying to predict the possibilities of the occurrence of conflicts. Through the extensive research facts presented in the paper, it can even be said that the whole CVA seeks to answer one primary question, â€Å"What are the probable reasons that would cause conflicts to arise in Bolivia? † The CVA tried to find the answer for this question by grouping the conflicts in Bolivia in five major classifications, institutional, economic, land, coca/cocaine, and citizen and public security (Gamarra, 2003, p. 4). In the CVA, Gamarra and his team identified two major actors that can very much affect the outcome of the conflict resolution and mitigation in Bolivia- government and opposition. The MNR or Nationalist Revolutionary Movement represents the government; while the MAS or Movimiento al Socialismo leads the opposition. CVA attributed that these parties are the main actors in the Bolivian politics and conflicts. Misunderstandings and apathy between these two parties can easily translate the strong political divide to violent confrontations (Gamarra, 2003, p. 4). However, the CVA did not dismiss the possibility that the 2002 elections can also improve the conflict situation through these parties (Gamarra, 2003, p. 4). The government and the opposition perceive the issues of conflict in terms of their participations on the issues. The government side pride themselves in terms of the international economic and security support it has (Gamarra, 2003, p. 6). On the other hand, the opposition takes pride in the intermediation they are able to contribute to the conflict resolution process (Gamarra, 2003, p. 6). In the CVA Gamarra and his team provided contextualizing facts that would put the MAS led opposition and MNR led government in their places in the conflict situation. This attempt can be seen with the graphical representation that Gamarra and his team presented to show the divided opinions of the national actors regarding the appropriate type of government in Bolivia (Gamarra, 2003, p. 14). Gamarra further contextualized the conflicts in terms of the partisan opinion in considering the plausibility of military uprising (coup d’etat) in installing new types of government that parties see as more fitting to Bolivia (Gamarra, 2003, p. 12). Even if Gamarra and his team are loyal to LAMP in these parts of CVA, there are other parts of CVA that show that the CVA was not exclusively written through LAMP. The Contradictions, Shortcomings and Disloyalties of CVA to LAMP As said earlier, the CVA appears to be written through the LAMP; this can hold for the almost fifty percent of the CVA. However, in terms of the data gathering and presentation part of the CVA Gamarra and his team took a different path apart from LAMP. This claim can be supported with the different formulation of the conflict scenarios in the CVA when compared to the LAMP. In LAMP, the permutations of the alternative futures (z) follow a strict formula XY=Z that is determined by the number of actors (x) and the numbers of major scenarios (y) (LAMP, 2010, p. n. pag. ). The formula basis of LAMP insures uniformity in terms of the numbers of scenarios that would be required in predicting through certain national actors. In the CVA there are five major scenarios provided (counter narcotics, political institutions, citizen and public security, economic arena and land ownership). Raising the two identified actors by the five major scenarios will require thirty-two scenarios. On the other hand, the CVA was only able to provide 16 scenarios under the five major scenarios. Another shortcoming of the CVA was its failure to conduct proper pair wise comparison among the scenarios; this resulted to different scenarios provided under the five major scenarios. The scenarios of citizen and public security have four scenarios as compared to the three scenarios of all of the remaining major scenarios (counter- narcotics, political institutions, economic arena and land ownership. Due to the absence of a pair wise comparing mechanism, the CVA also lacks the qualifications of probabilities that are determined through â€Å"votes† from comparing pair wise. These characteristics of the CVA deviated by twenty- five percent from the total twelve steps prescribed in LAMP. On the other hand, CVA delivered the remaining twenty-five percent of LAMP in accordance to the prescriptions of LAMP. Gamarra and his team provided the needed information to establish consequential analysis, which the step 9 of LAMP prescribed. The steps 10, 11 and 12 are also included in the CVA through the imaginative conclusion presented in the CVA. The high dependency rate of the Gamarra and his team’s conclusion with the numbers presented by the graphical representations follow the predictive nature of LAMP. Conclusion and Recommendations Taking into account all of the investigations presented in this research paper it can be concluded that the Conflict Vulnerability Assessment of Bolivia is a hybrid research in terms of the methodologies it employed. The seventy five percent of the CVA was written in accordance with LAMP, but the twenty five percent of CVA does not coincide with the quantitative requirements of LAMP. The difference between LAMP and the methodology employed in CVA does not imply that the CVA is a failed predictive research. CVA’s use of different methods only show the flexibility that Gamarra and his team sought to establish in the CVA. Given this conclusion, this paper would recommend improvements for the two major aspects of the CVA- structure and methodology. It is recommendable that the CVA would use a paper structure or format that is more accessible in answering specific aspects of predictive research. The current arrangement of the CVA tends to make the issue of Bolivian conflict too broad to discuss and even solve. The discussions without the recommended segmentation appear not only to be reiterating but also to be too general since the reference focal points overlap each other (as seen in the presentation of the scenarios). On the other hand, the methodology employed with the CVA appears to be improvable in terms of making the quantitative aspect of the methodology isolated and only catered as additional empirical references. A qualitative research method is probably more fitting to the undeniable culture sensitive and politics laden conflicts in Bolivia. Eduardo Gamarra and his team could have broken away from the conventions of quantitative predictive research by providing more vivid narrative accounts of the current and predicted conflict situations instead of standing on the methodological position of LAMP. The quantitative elaborateness in LAMP makes the quantitative shortcomings in CVA either half-truths or irrelevant; both probabilities could have avoided if the CVA was treated as a qualitative research. Bibliography Gamarra, E. A. (2003). Conflict Vulnerability Assessment Bolivia. Retrieved August 5, 2010, from www. digitalcommons. flu. edu: http://digitalcommons. fiu. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi? article=1002context=laccwps LAMP. (2010). The Application of LAMP. Retrieved August 5, 2010, from www. lamp-method. org: http://www. lamp-method. org/2. html How to cite Assessing what appears to be the use of LAMP in Eduardo Gamarra’s CVA, Papers

Martin Luther A Biography Of Martin Luther (1483

Martin Luther: A Biography Of Martin Luther (1483-1546) Essay Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany, the son of Hans Luther, who worked in the copper mines, and his wife Margarethe. He went to school at Magdeburg and Eisenach, and entered the University of Erfurt in 1501, graduating with a BA in 1502 and an MA in 1505. His father wished him to be a lawyer, but Luther was drawn to the study of the scriptures, and spent three years in the Augustinian monastery at Erfurt. In 1507 he was ordained a priest, and went to the University of Wittenberg, where he lectured on philosophy and the Scriptures, becoming a powerful and influential preacher. On a mission to Rome in 151011 he was appalled by the corruption he found there. Money was greatly needed at the time for the rebuilding of St. Peters, and papal emissaries sought everywhere to raise funds by the sale of indulgences. The system was grossly abused, and Luthers indignation at the shameless traffic, carried on in particular by the Dominican Johann Tetzel, became irrepressible. As professor of biblical exegesis at Wittenberg (151246), he began to preach the doctrine of salvation by faith rather than works; and on 31 October 1517 drew up a list of 95 theses on indulgences denying the pope any right to forgive sins, and nailed them on the church door at Wittenberg. Tetzel retreated from Saxony to Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, where he published a set of counter-theses and burnt Luthers. The Wittenberg students retaliated by burning Tetzels, and in 1518 Luther was joined in his views by Melanchthon. The pope, Leo X, at first took little notice of this disturbance, but in 1518 summoned Luther to Rome to answer for his theses. His university and the elector interfered, and ineffective negotiations were undertaken by Cardinal Cajetan and by Miltitz, envoy of the pope to the Saxon court. The scholar Johann Eck and Luther held a memorable disputation at Leipzig (1519); and Luther began to attack the papal system more boldly. In 1520 he published his famous address An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation (Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation), followed by a treatise De captivitate Babylonica ecclesiae praeludium (A Prelude concerning the Babylonian Captivity of the Church), which also attacked the doctrinal system of the Church of Rome. A papal bull containing 41 theses was issued against him. He burned it before a multitude of doctors, students, and citizens in Wittenberg. He was excommunicated, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, convened the first Diet at Worms in 1521, before which Luther was called to retract his teachings. Luther refused to relent. An order was issued for the destruction of his books, and he was put under the ban of the Empire. On his return from Worms he was seized, at the instigation of the elector of Saxony, and lodged (for his own protection) in the Wartburg, the electors fortress. During the year he spent there, he translated the Scriptures and composed his cogent controversial treatise, Refutation of the Argument of Latomus. Civil unrest called Luther back to Wittenberg in 1522. He rebuked the unruly elements, and made a stand against lawlessness on the one hand, and tyranny on the other. In the same year Luther published his acrimonious reply to Henry VIIIs attack on him in Assertio septem sacramentorum adversus Martinum Lutherum (1521) about the nature of the seven sacraments. A divergence had gradually taken place also between the views of the Humanist scholar Erasmus and Luther. There was an open breach in 1525, when Erasmus published De libero arbitrio (1524, Discourse on Free Will), and Luther followed with De Servo arbitrio (Concerning the Bondage of Will). .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262 , .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262 .postImageUrl , .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262 , .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262:hover , .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262:visited , .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262:active { border:0!important; } .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262:active , .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262 .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0e440713a5d78fc2782325d665c12262:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The North American Frontier Contributed Greatly To Todays Essay In the same year he married Katherine von Bora, a nun who had withdrawn from convent life. In 1529 he engaged with the controversial question of transubstantiation in the famous conference at Marburg with Zwingli and other Swiss theologians; he obstinately maintained his view that Christ is present in the bread and wine of the Eucharist. The drawing up of his theological views in the Augsburg Confession (1530) by Melanchthon, ably representing Luther at the Diet of Augsburg, marks the culmination of the German Reformation. Luther died in Eisleben, and was buried at Wittenberg. Endowed with broad human sympathies, massive energy, manly and affectionate simplicity, and a rich, if sometimes coarse, humour, he was undoubtedly a spiritual genius. His intuitions of divine truth were bold, vivid, and penetrating, if not necessarily philosophical and comprehensive; and he possessed the power of kindling other souls with the fire of his own convictions. His voluminous works include Von den guten Wercken (1520, Of Good Works), and Widder die hymelischen Propheten von den Bildern und Sacrament.