Gender Representations in Frankenstein - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1620 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Literature Essay Tags: Gender Essay Did you like this example? Frankenstein by Mary Shelley – Extended Written Response Gender representations are present within texts as an example through which an author is able to communicate their own opinions to a wider audience. The presence of gender representations within texts are used to communicate the blatantly recurring inequality between male and female. A gender reading itself will interrogate all representations of gender and the power distribution within the text in order to come to a full understanding of the nature of the characters and the major theme behind their personalities and actions. Mary Shelley was influenced substantially by her mothers feminist views and despite never knowing her remained firm in her belief of womens equal worth. The novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus although not a feminist novel at first glance is rather a powerful statement made by Shelley concerning the plight of women and the differeing social expecations placed upon them. The female characters are stereotypical in such a way that they embody the idilic, nurturing, loving, selfless and dutiful qualities so sought after during the time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gender Representations in Frankenstein" essay for you Create order Rather than write a radical novel and alowing the female characters to be of equal standing to the men Mary Shelley constructs her novel in such a way as to show how things ought not to be. The construction of the female characters within the novel positions them as stereotypical women who exist in such a way that their whole lives are either for or revolving around a man. This representation of women is an avenue that Shelley explores in order to communicate the severe disadvatage to which it puts women in relation to men. The two most extensive examples of women whos charcter puts them in this position are that of Caroline Beaufort and Elizabeth Lavenza. Caroline Beaufort is very much the embodiment of the womanly figure, a true angel. Amidst this was her constant gratitude towards Alphonse for resquing her from a life of poverty and squalour. This life she was saved from now encourages her to help those who are less frtunate than her thus further confirming her posistion an a truly idylic woman. â€Å"It was a necessity, a passion – remembering what she had suffered, and how she had been relieved, for her to act her turn as the guardian angel to the afflicted†. This inturn makes her solely dependant on Alphonse which is in great contrast to the young woman who was attempting to afford her own life and support herself. This inability to suppor oneself is a reminder of the common belief that women could not possibly support themselves without the aid of men. Elizabeth is first presented as a gift for Victor â€Å"my more than sister, since till death she was to be mine only† and from that moment on their lives are inexplicably intertwined. Her nature to be concerned for the welfare of those around her was often paramount to her own feelings anddesires. She indeed vieled her grief, and strove to act as the comforter to us all. She looked steadily on life, and assumed its duties with courage and zeal. † It is this that makes her the epitimy of all women as she ebodies everything that a women was expected to be. Despite her admirable qualities Elizabeth is still considered less than her ale counterparts. There are obvious gender inq ualities that surface during an analysis of the gender representations of the female characters in Frankenstein and themselves help to enlighte the reader as the the disadvantage of women and inspire action to induce change. The correspondance between Robert Walton and his sister Margret is both an example of the gender representation of women but also a reflection of the relationship between Victor and Elizabeth. The attitude of Walton towards his sister concerning his current occupation and her concerns regarding this venture is eveident in his letters to her. â€Å"An enterprise which you have regarded with such eveil forebodeings†. This attitute suggests Walton does not consider the opinion of his sister to be worthy of consideration. This is due to his belief that she is wholly ignorant of the force that drives him to carry out such goals. Accompanying this is the absence of any information regarding Margrets life aside from the fact that she lives in London and is married with children. Walton does not show concern for his sisters life or that of his crew as he seems fully egrosed in his quest to make it to the â€Å"land of ice and snow† and does not so much as think of others. â€Å"I would sacrifice my fortune, my existance, my every hope, to the furtherance of my enterprise. One mans life or death were but a small price to pay for the acquirement of the knowledge which i sought†. This draws a very strong parallel to the mind of a young Victor Frankenstein who was also consumed with work, neglected not only his family as Walton does but also his health. Victor does not even consider sharing the existance of his creation until he is convinced he will face and surely die at the hands of the monster on his wedding night. Both Walton and Frankenstein do not consider their female counterparts capeable of fully comprehending their ventures and as a result do not disclose them. The similarities between these two relationships is a device through which we are elightened to the universal position of women within the novel. Gender representations present within the novel are able to clearly illustrate the differing standards of judgment placed upon male and female. This is expressed through a variety of examples, the one that draws upon similar circumstances in order to clearly show the fatal flaws of the elevated status of men is the sentancing and subsequent death of Justine for the murder of William Frankenstein. This can be compared closely with the trial of Victor later in the novel for the murder of Henry Clerval. Despite many similarities there are several aspects of both trials that determine the course of events. During the proession of the trial Justine remians adamant of her complete innocence in spite of the evidence that is mounted against her. Elizabeh who is stirred by the obious injusice that is occuring speaks out in favour of Justine. â€Å"I believe and rely on her perfect innocence. She had no temptation for such an action: as to the bauble on which the chief proof rests, if she had earnestly desired it, i should have willingly given it to her; so much do i esteem and value her†. Elizabeths courageous act to fight for Justine, however, falls on deaf ears and is ultimatly not sufficient enough to save her from death. In contrast to this the trial of Victor for the murder of Henry Clerval results him being found innocent. During the trial Victor admits to being the one who murdered Henry even though he was not guilty of the crime. â€Å"I called myself the murderer of William, Justine and of Clerval. † Vicor had admittted to just as Justine had, however, instead of the words of Elizabeth to fight for his aquital they are he words of Mr. Kirwin. He is an influential member of society and as a result is able to use his position to form a case that will set Victor free. â€Å"Mr. Kirwin charged himself with every care of collecting witnesses, andarrangin my defence.. . The decisive moment in each trial is the defence of the accused by those arround them. However, due to the preconseived gender boundaries elizabeths word is not enough to save her. The two very different decisions made were refective of the influence of the representatives of those accused. Due largely to Elizabeths gender her pleas are not heard and Justine is found guilty. The presence of gender inequalities causes the death in part of an innocent party whilst reinoforicing the innocent pleas of a man. A true and comprehensive gender reading will encompas all aspects of the novel, this includes the male characters. They are able to exercise great inflence over the women in the novel and this further reiforces the common belief in society that men are superior to women. The arrogance and self centered nature of man is exposed in contrast to the representation of the angelic female in order to reinforce the message that there should be no distinction. Victor is a prime example of this, he embodies this figure, adventurous, arrogant and knowledgeable. â€Å"If i could banish disease from he human frame and render man invulnerableto any but a violent death†. Victor believes he can accomplish this task and in doing so he goes against the laws of nature, defying God and this is what truly brings about the demise of Victor and by connection those arround him. Through his identity the author is able to communicate the insolent nature of man an his flaws whilst encouraging feminine growth and the elevation of women from a position beneath men to one of equal standing. The representations of gender that are examined in the novel Fankenstein are both complex and vitally important to the social structure and harmony of society. Mary Shelley has successullyconstructed a text that sheds a blinding light on the drastic difference in gender equality within the world at this time. By portraying the charcters so, she has opened the readers eyes to a world that exists without equality but rather a rigid class system. An effective analysis of this structure enlighens the reader to a situation that should not exist and so they should take away that message and be inspired to eradicate any form of inequality and pomote a society free from the social constraints of gender expecations.

Jealousy The Strongest Form Of Self Destruction

Maddie Fender Mrs. Monzel Period 6 17 October 2016 Jealousy: The Strongest Form of Self-Destruction In A Separate Peace by John Knowles, Gene Forrester and his best friend Phineas, or Finny, as Gene likes to call him, live and confront conflict at the all-boys boarding school of Devon during World War II. Gene and Finny possess traits that vary greatly, which cause both conflict and jealousy for both of them. A compare and contrast of Gene and Finny’s perception of self and others and their conflict management behavior reveals Knowles’ theme that jealousy lies at the heart of the creation of internal enemies. Finny and Gene both perceive themselves differently, as Gene’s insecurities draw back to internal turmoil while Finny’s humble confidence causes jealousy between the two boys and creates a force inside the soul that must be controlled. 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My Future Plans free essay sample

During that time I will obtain the knowledge that I will need for my future career. I hope to graduate after those four years with a bachelors degree in business. After that I‘m unsure about my future.. Worlds future? Actually, I’m pretty much confused about it too.. Yes, the world will change, but how? Technologies are envolving so fast, that we can’t predict how log we have to wait for finding a life on other planets or human clone. I’ll try to predict – We’ll be eating genetaly modified food and drinking water, which will contain all the vitamins we need. On one side it sounds good, but on the other – do we really want to stuff or bodys with all this chemical? –I don’t, maybe that’s because of my parents and grandparents, who told me to eat right. I hope there will be some food for people like me. We will write a custom essay sample on My Future Plans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But I belive there will be some advantages too, like improved medicine, cure of cancer and the life will be cheaper,, that the poor people can afford happy and fulfiled life. Afer all these changes I have to agree with or national writer and poet Rainis „Only the variable will survive.. †

The Clinton Administration Essays - Rodham Family, Bill Clinton

The Clinton Administration American society is very unforgiving when it comes to their politicians. Mistakes and alleged scandals are scrutinized over and exploited by the media while great accomplishments may fall into the shadows. This is the case with President Clinton, who may be one of the best and most successful Presidents our nation has ever elected. Unfortunately, his impeachment and alleged sexual scandals are hovering over his accomplishments. Despite current criticisms, however, time will prove the Clinton administration a success in all aspects of society, international as well as national. One of Clintons greatest accomplishments is the economy, which has prospered ever since he took office. America is now enjoying its strongest economy in a generation. The unemployment rate is the lowest in over three decades, down from 7.5 percent in 1992 to 3.9 percent in September, 2000. Unemployment for minorities has fallen significantly as well, and for both African-Americans and Hispanics it is at record lows. Side by side with the decreasing unemployment rate is the increasing availability of new jobs. More than 22 million have been created since 1993, the most jobs ever created under a single administration. (The White House, p. 5) Even the national debt is being paid off. In July 2000, the Treasury Department announced that the United States would pay off $221 billion of debt for the year, making it the largest one-year payment in American history. Under the Clinton Plan, we are now on track to eliminate the nations debt by 2012. (The White House, p. 8) Many Americans do not realize the importance of bringing down the national debt and criticize the President for the nations high taxes. What they do not realize is how a decreased national debt actually helps them in their everyday lives. Reduced debt means lower interest rates and reduced payments on loans. It also keeps the nation prepared for a possible economic crisis. Our thriving economy, although it cannot be fully credited to Clinton, is a result of his understanding of its delicate balance. Clinton has upheld the ideology that dates back to Adam Smith, that the government should do its best to leave the economy to itself, while also giving it little boosts along the way. Adam Smith believed that there is an invisible hand that guides and cares for the economy when there is no government intervention. Although Clinton obviously has not totally left the economy to itself, he has not made any drastic changes and has only helped the economy along its way during this time of growing prosperity. Other national issues have been improving as well, such as crime, education, and environmental concerns. We are now enjoying the lowest crime rates in 25 years, a great improvement from when President Clinton first took office in 1993, when the violent crime rate in America had more than quadrupled during previous decades. Since then, a continuous drop in crime has been in effect, more police are out on the streets, and there has been the largest gun enforcement initiative in history, targeting violent gun criminals and illegal gun traffickers. Many have actually criticized President Clinton for not doing enough to improve schooling and educational conditions in America. This, however, could not be further from the truth. The Clinton administration as put into effect the largest investment in education in thirty years. The doors of college have been opened to more Americans with increased scholarship funds and more affordable tuition fees. Clinton has also put $1.3 billion (The Clinton Record, p. 4) towards hiring more high-quality teachers and decreasing class sizes. Finally, with the Vice-Presidents leadership, the Clinton administration has increased technology availability and turned around many failing schools. Vice-President Al Gore has also taken the leading role in protecting and maintaining the environment. New standards have been issued cutting pollution from chemical plants 90% by 1997 (The Clinton Record, p. 7), requiring polluters to disclose toxic release information to the public, and accelerating toxic cleanups. The Clinton administration also developed a plan to restore and protect Florida everglades and proposed a plan to ensure long-term protection for 40-million acres of our national forests. Finally, the Clinton administration negotiated an international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an environmentally strong and

PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH HYPTHESIS Essays - Statistical Inference

PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH HYPTHESIS Essays - Statistical Inference PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH HYPTHESIS Business PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH HYPTHESIS In this assignment, we will attempt to study the effects that difference in Income Ratio (henceforth known as I.R.) between the years 1980 and 1990 have on the Productivity Growth (P.G.) during the same period of time. The Income Ratio of one specific year can be found if we take the average income of the richest faction of a country (the richest 20% of the population) and divide it by that of the poorest faction (the poorest 20%). In this assignment, the Income Ratios that were used were those of 13 different countries. The I.R.'s on both 1980 and 1990 were taken for all these countries and, to find the difference between them, the I.R. for 1990 was divided by the I.R. for 1980, for each country. These new numbers illustrate the change of I.R. between the two years so that we can compare how the P.G. changes in relation to the changes in the I.R.. On this assignment, we use inductive reasoning to examine the data and find a theory (a hypothesis) that would combine the data given in a way that would make sense, based solely on our data. How do we know if the "theory" that we formulate makes sense? In this case we will plot the points (derived from the column "I.R. 1990/1980," going on the x-axis, and the column "Productivity Growth 79-90," on the y-axis). According to how the points are on the graph in relation to the Average Point (0.94,1.45) (point that is an average of all values and which divides the graph into four Quadrants), if 80% of these points are where they would be expected to be to conform to the hypothesis, then there is no reason to reject this hypothesis. If, on the other hand, the majority of the points does not conform to our hypothesis (are not where they were predicted to be), then it is rejected. Another method of reasoning frequently used by Mainstream economists is "deductive knowledge," as opposed to "inductive," described above. Their theory is formulated and only then it is applied to the data. Their theory on this subject suggests that productivity within a country grows when the population has incentives to work harder (or to work more). When the gap between rich and poor increases (an increase in I.R. form 1980-90, resulting in a larger ratio on the column I.R. 1990/1980), so does the population's eagerness to work, therefore increasing the Productivity Growth. Since when one variable goes up the other also goes up, there is a positive (or direct) correlation between the two. Mainstream economists use deductive reasoning to deduce that there exists a positive correlation between the two factors. In short, their hypothesis is that when the Income Ratio increases, the Productivity Growth also increases, since people are more motivated. For this to be true, we would expect a line going up and to the right on the graph, passing by Quadrants II and IV. Most points (80% or more) would have to be on these two Quadrants. This, however, is not the case (see graph), since only about 30.77% of the points plotted satisfy these conditions. Since the original hypothesis was rejected, we might want to see if there is a negative correlation between the two variables (that is, as one goes up, the other goes down). Our new hypothesis would then be "as the Income Ratio increases, the Productivity Growth decreases." Then, in the case of a high I.R., people in lower classes would rationally start to feel insecure and that their work is not being recognized by society, therefore losing motivation and producing less. In this case, since there's a negative correlation, one would expect the line on the graph to go downwards, from left to right, passing on Quadrants I and III. If this hypothesis were valid, 80%+ of the points would have to be on these Quadrants. This is also not the case, for only 69.32% of the points are on the appropriate Quadrants. Like the first, this second hypothesis also has to be rejected. After analyzing these two relationships and seeing that neither is valid, we conclude that there is no direct relationship between the two variables tested. That does not mean that one has no effect on the other (it probably does), only that there may be other factors and influences involved that have not been accounted for in this assignment and that one is not the only factor responsible for the changes in the other. DATA SHEET

Battle of Chapultepec in the Mexican-American War

Battle of Chapultepec in the Mexican-American War The Battle of Chapultepec was fought September 12-13, 1847, during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). With the start of the war in May 1846, American troops led by Major General Zachary Taylor scored quick victories at the Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma before crossing the Rio Grande to strike the fortress city of Monterrey. Assaulting Monterrey in September 1846, Taylor captured the city after a costly battle. After the Monterreys capitulation, he annoyed President James K. Polk when he gave the Mexicans an eight-week armistice and permitted Monterreys defeated garrison to go free.   With Taylor and his army holding Monterrey, debate commenced in Washington regarding American strategy moving forward. Following these conversations, it was decided that a campaign against the Mexican capital at Mexico City would be critical to winning the war. As a 500-mile march from Monterrey over difficult terrain was recognized as impractical, the decision was made to land an army on the coast near Veracruz and march inland. This choice made, Polk was next required to select a commander for the campaign. Scotts Army Though popular with his men, Taylor was an ardent Whig who had publicly criticized Polk on several occasions. Polk, a Democrat, would have preferred a member of his own party, but lacking a qualified candidate, he chose Major General Winfield Scott.   A Whig, Scott was seen as posing less of a political threat. To create Scotts army, the bulk of Taylors veteran units were directed to the coast. Left south of Monterrey with a small force, Taylor successfully defeated a much larger Mexican force at the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847. Landing near Veracruz in March 1847, Scott captured the city and began marching inland. Routing the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo the following month, he drove towards Mexico City winning battles at Contreras and Churubusco in the process. Nearing the edge of the city, Scott attacked the Molino del Rey (Kings Mills) on September 8, 1847, believing there to be a cannon foundry there. After hours of heavy fighting, he captured the mills and destroyed the foundry equipment. The battle was one of the bloodiest of conflict with the Americans suffering 780 killed and wounded and the Mexicans 2,200. Next Steps Having taken Molino del Rey, American forces had effectively cleared many of the Mexican defenses on the western side of the city with the exception of Chapultepec Castle. Situated atop a 200-foot hill, the castle was a strong position and served as the Mexican Military Academy. It was garrisoned by fewer than 1,000 men, including the corps of cadets, led by General Nicols Bravo. While a formidable position, the castle could be approached via a long slope from Molino del Rey. Debating his course of action, Scott called a council of war to discuss the armys next steps. Meeting with his officers, Scott favored assaulting the castle and moving against the city from the west. This was initially resisted as the majority of those present, including Major Robert E. Lee, desired to attack from the south. In the course of the debate, Captain Pierre G.T. Beauregard offered an eloquent argument in favor of the western approach which swung many of the officers into Scotts camp. The decision made, Scott began planning for the assault on the castle. For the attack, he intended to strike from two directions with one column approaching from the west while the other struck from the southeast. Armies Commanders United States Major General Winfield Scott7,180 men Mexico General Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaGeneral Nicholas Bravoaround 1,000 men near Chapultepec The Assault At dawn on September 12, American artillery began firing on the castle. Firing through the day, it halted at nightfall only to resume the next morning. At 8:00 AM, Scott ordered the firing to stop and directed the attack to move forward. Advancing east from Molino del Rey, Major General Gideon Pillows division pushed up the slope spearheaded by an advance party led by Captain Samuel Mackenzie. Advancing north from Tacubaya, Major General John Quitmans division moved against Chapultepec with Captain Silas Casey leading the advance party. Pushing up the slope, Pillows advance successfully reached the walls of the castle but soon stalled as Mackenzies men had to wait for the storming ladders to be brought forward. To the southeast, Quitmans division encountered a dug-in Mexican brigade at the intersection with the road leading east into the city. Ordering Major General Persifor Smith to swing his brigade east around the Mexican line, he directed Brigadier General James Shields to take his brigade northwest against Chapultepec. Reaching the base of the walls, Caseys men also had to wait for ladders to arrive. Ladders soon arrived on both fronts in large numbers allowing the Americans to storm over the walls and into the castle. The first over the top was Lieutenant George Pickett. Though his men mounted a spirited defense, Bravo was soon overwhelmed as the enemy attacked on both fronts. Pressing the assault, Shields was severely wounded, but his men succeeded in pulling down the Mexican flag and replacing it with the American flag. Seeing little choice, Bravo ordered his men to retreat back to the city but was captured before he could join them (Map). Exploiting the Success Arriving on the scene, Scott moved to exploit the capture of Chapultepec. Ordering Major General William Worths division forward, Scott directed it and elements of Pillows division to move north along the La Verà ³nica Causeway then east to assault the San Cosmà © Gate. As these men moved out, Quitman re-formed his command and was tasked with moving east down the Belà ©n Causeway to conduct a secondary attack against the Belà ©n Gate. Pursuing the retreating Chapultepec garrison, Quitmans men soon encountered Mexican defenders under General Andrà ©s Terrà ©s. Using a stone aqueduct for cover, Quitmans men slowly drove the Mexicans back to the Belà ©n Gate. Under heavy pressure, the Mexicans began to flee and Quitmans men breached the gate around 1:20 PM. Guided by Lee, Worths men did not reach the intersection of the La Verà ³nica and San Cosmà © Causeways until 4:00 PM. Beating back a counterattack by Mexican cavalry, they pushed towards the San Cosmà © Gate but took heavy losses from the Mexican defenders. Fighting up the causeway, American troops knocked holes in the walls between buildings to advance while avoiding Mexican fire. To cover the advance, Lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant hoisted a howitzer to the bell tower of the San Cosmà © church and began firing on the Mexicans. This approach was repeated to the north by US Navy Lieutenant Raphael Semmes. The tide turned when Captain George Terrett and a group of US Marines were able to attack the Mexican defenders from the rear. Pushing forward, Worth secured the gate around 6:00 PM. Aftermath In the course of the fighting at the Battle of Chapultepec, Scott suffered around 860 casualties while Mexican losses are estimated at around 1,800 with an additional 823 captured. With the citys defenses breached, Mexican commander General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna elected to abandon the capital that night. The following morning, American forces entered the city. Though Santa Anna conducted a failed siege of Puebla shortly thereafter, large-scale fighting effectively ended with Mexico Citys fall. Entering into negotiations, the conflict was ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in early 1848. The active participation in the fighting by the US Marine Corps led to the opening line of the Marines Hymn, From the Halls of Montezuma...

Pullotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pullotion - Essay Example Here comes the main problem of this millennium: the insane destruction of the environment, as we think that we are in secure, which is far from the truth. A warm evening in a fun and friendly company once has completely changed my inner world. One day my friends and I after dinner in the restaurant decided to walk along the coast. We were laughing and having fun, and nothing seemed to be able to change that. But this time the coast wasnt pleasant. Everywhere were dead swollen fish, black sand and the stench in the air. The childhood memory has arisen, though it was more than 15 years ago. It was a bright sunny day. I was looking forward to go with my parents to our favorite place on the Persian Gulf. Finally, it was the long-awaited meeting with the sea. I run to the shore, but everything was not as usual. Ugly oil stains fettered once azure water. On the white sand blackened terrible spots, and around were lying suffocated fish and black bodies of birds. Seagulls with feathers stuck together could not take off. The place which once was beautiful now has resembled an apocalyptic picture. I picked up a dying bird, trying in any way to help her and could not hold back my tears. Mom said it was all because of war, but then I could not even understand the full horror of the word. War destroys our lives, suddenly breaking into a cozy and familiar world. Even if the military battles are not taking place around of you, the horrors of war will catch you up in a place which seems to be rather peaceful. Thus, the large oil reserves are not only the Gods blessing. It is these deposits of oil which became a stumbling block between Iraq and Kuwait. On August 2, 1990 the territory of Kuwait was invaded by numerous Iraqi soldiers and Iraq announced the annexation of Kuwait. Hundreds of thousands of people fled the country; thousands of the remaining were arrested or killed. Iraqis looted or burned almost all civilian objects and set fire to 700 oil wells. Almost a year after

The Organizational Structure, Work Culture and Global Business Essay

The Organizational Structure, Work Culture and Global Business Strategies of Google Inc - Essay Example The study is based on the discussion of different management issues faced by Google Inc. in the China market. It will illustrate various challenges faced by the organization to properly run their operation as per the social and ethical norms of China. The main objective of any management is to achieve the ultimate goal of the organization by motivating and directing the workforce. The modern management practices influence managers to focus on different requirements of the stakeholders of various countries. There are a number of management issues faced by global organizations such as economic, political, social and technological. Recession, inflation and currency fluctuation of different countries can provide the significant effect on the business management procedure of global organizations. The difference in the political rules and regulations also affect the decision-making capacity of the managers. Management needs to cope up with the rapid development of technologies in the diffe rent market to attract more customers. International organizations need to focus on the differences in the social structure of their operating countries before introducing any product or services. The decision of product or services design can differ as per locations due to the changing preferences of local people Customized products of local organizations can provide huge competition to the standardized products of the global organizations.

Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Essay Example for Free

Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality Essay Historical and scientific perspectives have molded homosexuality, and the way homosexuals are viewed by themselves and others. In past western society ancient Greece, homosexual teachings were performed by the Greek society, and were thought of as a societal norm Younger males were normally seen in a homosexual relationship with an older male, these types of relations were common in ancient Greece. The way Greek perceived life back in ancient times it is starting to ease up in our modern time, and homosexuality is beginning to be viewed as if we were in ancient times especially among western countries. In modern time homosexuals are learning to cope with their homosexuality, as it is beginning to be seen as something normal that has been here since ancient times for thousands of years. Homosexuality in the ancient Greek society shows that even back then people were aware of the different sexual behaviors and feelings certain people might have, and even back then they accepted people’s individual sexual choices. In modern day when a homosexual is first coming out and announcing his way of life he/she should be proud of what they are doing because it is something that has been going on for thousands of years, and is not something to be ashamed and secretive about. Homosexuals should not let judgmental people get to them by saying you were born that way or the environment influenced you to behave like that. The truth is the truth and you are who you are nothing can or will change that is if we stay true to our self. This means as long as we know where we came from and who we ar e why should we let peoples words bother us because we know the truth about our self. As we move along, back to ancient Greece and now also including the people of ancient Rome’s homosexuality. In both of the cities ancient Greece/Rome men would travel the streets of the city looking for someone to rock their world. On top of roaming the streets for some good quality male bonding they would dress and act as if they were not men, but female. This was look at in disapproval and unacceptable that is why when the religion of Christianity increased and started to grow the downfall of ancient Rome followed, and homosexual relations were banned. The new found law prohibited sexual behavior that was not found normal. Normal sexual behavior being male-female  and marriage any other acts of sex, and the people would be punished for their actions. This law continued for many years to follow, and people were committed and punished if they broke the law. Unfortunately this did not stop homosexuals from expressing their homosexuality they just became more discrete about it, so they would not see punishment from their actions. Today, most modern religions still do not approve of homosexuality seeing it as a sin. Some countries are very religious, and prohibit homosexual activity; those that are found guilty will be severely punished. The view that is seen on homosexuality in the modern day has been seen for thousands of years. That is why some homosexuals are afraid to accept their sexuality because of religious reasons (punishment from god) and society (disapproval). The hatred that is forced upon gay individuals has made it very difficult for them to be accepted among society. In our society it is normal when found to be gay to be criticized for it, and deal with harsh treatment that a straight person accepted in society would not have to deal with. When found to be a gay individual they even may have to change their church to one that accepts the view of a homosexuality. When growing up we learn that homosexuality is unnatural and not the right way of life that is not the case it is completely natural. Unfortunately many times in the beginning a homosexual might not know what they are experiencing wondering why they are different, and if it is alright they could grow to hate them self for it thinking that they are not normal. In modern time many countries still punish homosexuals, while others are more accepting they just deny homosexuals the right to marry due to religious reasons. That is all slowly changing and I think in the future will be seen differently. The scientific views on homosexuality are homosexuals inborn or is it caused due to environmental influences. That is a question that have been asked and wondered for many years, but in modern days there is evidence directing us towards homosexuality developing as an inborn characteristic. Research done on both identical and fraternal twins, show that there are higher concordance rates of gay monozygotic twins. Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner-Rathus, (2005) report that about â€Å"52% of identical (MZ) twin pairs were found to be â€Å"concordant† (in agreement) for a gay male sexual  orientation, compared with 22% of fraternal (DZ) twins and only 11% of adoptive brothers† (p. 312). Also, evidence has suggested that hormonal influences could be responsible for differences in sexual orientation. Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner-Rathus (2005) explain that prenatal sex hormones be responsible for tissues in the brain to think sexually one way, but for genital development to be the other way. Also, structural examinations on the brains of heterosexual and homosexual males have provided speculative evidence that a part of the hypothalamus in gay males is smaller than that region of the hypothalamus in heterosexual males. Developing an understanding from the scientific view point on homosexuality has helped homosexuals understand why they are the way they are. Before scientific studies provided the information that homosexuality could be due to inborn, many individuals believed that people decided to be homosexuals. After the scientific studies though that thought is seen as false, and the reason why people become homosexuals is because they are born that way. Homosexuals do not choose their sexual path they are born having sexual arousals from the same sex. Homosexual people do not hate them self as much knowing the facts from the scientific studies that they were born that way, rather than choose to be that way now they feel it is how god wanted they to be and they can accept them self’s. Out The Closet and Accepting Who they are The biggest goal to overcome when being a homosexual is when the perfect time to come out the closet, and admit to our family and friends (hey I’m a homosexual). Not only is finding the perfect time hard to find, but also finding the right words to use when telling them you are not just going to say hey I’s a homosexual. Another difficult obstacle to overcome is accepting the different view we will see from society when coming out. Many homosexuals are afraid to tell friends and family because they have not completely grasped the concept of what they are. This is especially seen in someone who is transformed from heterosexual to homosexual. Another thing  that bobbles around their thoughts when coming out is that they will lose important people in their life or lose their job. Coming out or letting people into your homosexuality is a very challenging experience that is one of the most difficult task a homosexual will face. One of the most common deaths an early homosexual faces is suicide normally for one of two reasons understanding their new sexuality or the fear of coming out to other people about it. Once a homosexual takes control of their power and accepts the fact they are living a life of homosexuality they can adjust to what society expects from them. After they can accept what society thinks of them they can form a relationship with an intimate partner, and develop a perfect homosexual lifestyle. Historical and Scientific Views Reflected on Personal Sexuality One’s personal sexuality has been molded and determined by history and scientific views that are seen in one’s life culture or society. Historical and scientific views reflected the way people see their own personal sexuality for the better. It has helped homosexuals better understand why they are the way they are, and they are not different that throughout time there has been people of the same sexuality facing the same problems. In modern time the punishment might not be as harsh as back in ancient time, but it is still there and seen. Homosexuality is still frowned upon by many, and many also criticize and harass homosexuals because of their difference in behavior. In the future with homosexuality become more open and known about to the public I think that schools should teach about it at an earlier age to help the younger society better understand it. Homosexuality in most cases is misjudged and treated in the wrong way if people learned about it at an earlier age t hey could learn to have a kinder understanding, and be more accepted of homosexuals. Another benefit of teaching it at an earlier age is that it would give people the benefit of know why they are the way they are, and if they feel they are different.Homosexuality has been around for thousands of year before Christianity it was accepted freely, but after the religion started growing rules banned homosexuality from being free. Homosexuals had to live in the shadows hiding who they were afraid of society, and how they would be treated and the punishment they would receive  if found to be homosexuals. Throughout time the harsh treatment homosexuals faced has not ended it is becoming more in the open, and they are beginning to be accepted for who they are. Homosexuality is not always chosen it is sometimes something we are born being we cannot help they way we feel, but that does not make us different. Our sexuality might not be the same as everyone else’s, but neither are their sexuality to ours. Reference Rathus, S.A., Nevid, J.S., and Fichner-Rathus, L. (2005). Human sexuality in a world of diversity. (6th ed.) Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Sir Gawain - The Noble Knight :: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Sir Gawain - The Noble Knight Sir Gawain is a nephew of King Arthur and the brother of Sir Gaheris and Sir Gareth. In the poem he is described by the author as "the good knight" and "most courteous" (1. 109,639). His character is shown through supernatural tests when he steps in for King Arthur and takes the challenge of the Green Knight on himself. Then his second test in the poem is to withstand the lust of the Green Knight's wife. Both of these challenges Sir Gawain passes, and gains more respect and honor than he had before. The tasks that he accomplishes prove once more the true Gawain and help the reader to understand his character more clearly. Sir Gawain is a hero in the poem, and as always, heroes have to overcome all their foes and many dangers. The same heroism and presence of supernatural forces are also found in Beowulf. Beowulf fights with dangerous enemies and creatures all around him. On his way to the Green Knight's chapel, Sir Gawain encounters many wonders and monstrous foes: "So many were the wonders he wandered among ... Now with serpents he wars, now with savage wolves ... And giants that came gibbering from the jagged steeps ... He had met with many mishaps and mortal harms" ( 2.718-725). As we see the author shows his character as a mighty warrior, maybe even with supernatural power. Yet it is not clear how he could fight with giants and was afraid at the first sight of the Green Knight. As author describes the Green Knight, "Half a giant on earth I hold him to be..." (1.140). If he is half a giant and later we see that Sir Gawain is fighting with giants, it is not clear here why everyone in Camelot at first is afraid of the Green Knight. Sir Gawain appears, as a real hero and a noble knight, almost from the very beginning of the poem when he is accepting the challenge of the Green Knight. No one is brave enough to accept the beheading game proposed by the Green Knight, and if no one of the knights will accept the challenge, then king Arthur has to accept it, so that he and his knights will not be regarded as cowards. Sir Gawain, as a noble knight who truly serves his king, takes the challenge upon himself when he says to the Arthur, " Would you grant me the grace"

Assessing the Essence of Teh Eclectic Paradigm Essay

Aspects frequently highlighted include global media and telecommunications, global brands, worldwide production and integrated financial markets. At the forefront of these phenomena are Multi National Enterprises (MNEs), benefiting from the opening of markets across the globe, and from advances in computing and internet technology, which make it possible to link far-flung activities in global networks. Considering these elements, globalization can further be defined as the process of increasing and deepening interactions between individuals and organizations across the globe, facilitated by advancing communications technology and the opening of markets to trade and investment. Theories of International production have attempted to explain the convergence towards a globalised world, while addressing the different types of international expansions. These theories have focused on MNEs and Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs). FDI can be defined as investment by an organization in a business in another country, with a view to establishing production in the host country. While Raymon Vernon is known for his theory of Product life cycle, Stephen Hymer laid emphasis on the location and ownership advantages of countries, which helped in attracting FDI from MNEs. John Dunning incorporated Internalisation to the analysis of Hymer, which became known as the Eclectic Paradigm (or OLI Paradigm), one of the most comprehensive theoretical explanations with specific focus on FDI. Still the Eclectic Paradigm is being challenged in the modern globalised world, as it fails to take into account the implications of existing modes of entry of MNEs, as well as the advantages of Alliance Capitalism. It is being discussed further in this report. Theories of International production have greatly facilitated the understanding of the globalization phenomenon. Different theorists at different time intervals attempted to justify the expansion of MNEs across the globe. Hymer (1970) was the first one to propose that MNEs are institutions of international production rather than international capital movement. Still he ignored the natural imperfections attributed to transaction costs in an imperfect market. In today’s world, with the proliferation on Internet use, imperfections like bureaucratic hurdles and control of distribution systems (Bain, 1956) are absent. Even the imperfections like price determinism and information transfer are shrinking. Thus it can be argued that Hymer’s major contribution relating to the importance of structural market imperfection in determining FDI activity does not hold good for corporations, which are expanding globally through e-channels (for instance). Vernon (1966) came up with the International Product Life Cycle (IPLC) theory, which explained the locational dimension of FDI. According to him, production first starts in the home country fro local markets, and exporting is used to attain foreign markets. As the product matures and production is standardized, production moves to less developed countries to reduce labour costs. The basic assumption of the IPLC is that knowledge is not equally and universally distributed (Vernon, 1966). This assumption, however, is not applicable in today’s world, as Vernon (1979) himself admits that there is a more perfect distribution of knowledge across the globe. He argues that firms who are global scanners follow a different trend than that of the IPL approach, because such firms have the ability to effectively scan global markets for the best factor endowments. Though, a lot has been discussed and said on the theories of International production, yet none of the approaches (Hymer, Vernon, Barney) simultaneously explains the importance of resources heterogeneity, entrepreneurial competence, network governance and the rise of alliance capitalism. Thus, an overarching analytical framework is needed, that can synthesize these disparate views and account for the importance of location- based advantages and ownership advantages. Such a framework was developed by Dunning (1973; 1988; 1993) known as The Eclectic Paradigm. It is a framework that explains the growth of MNEs by bringing together disparate theories. According to Dunning, the Eclectic Paradigm is less of an alternative theory of International production and more of a framework that synthesizes the essential and common characteristics of each main theoretical explanation on the growth of MNEs. For more than two decades the Eclectic Paradigm (EP) remains a widely used general framework for studying the growth of MNCs and Dunning has also continuously revised and extended the EP to explain changing facets of MNCs. Dunning (1988) has re-stated that the EP is robust and general enough to incorporate future developments like renewed the focus on entrepreneurship and the emergence of global networks (Dunning, 1995). The Eclectic Paradigm explains that the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and growth of multinational corporations (MNCs) is linked to the extent and nature of ownership-specific advantages of the firm, the extent and nature of location bound endowments, and the extent to which markets for these advantages are best internalized by the from itself. In short, it is the configuration of these Ownership (O), Location (L) and Internalization (I) advantages that determines a firm’s international production and growth. In a somewhat updated version, Dunning (1988) describes the three essential factors for international expansion: * Ownership Advantages are unique competitive or monopolistic advantages, typically developed in the home market, that permit the firm to compete successfully in overseas markets. These factors are of two types: Asset Advantages arise from proprietary ownership of unique assets protected by structural market distortions, and Transactional advantages provide a unique capacity to capture value from the transaction benefits of owning a network of assets located in different countries. * Location factors, tied to the local foreign market, which make production in the host country preferable. These are immobile factors, such as cheaper labour, high shipping costs, local image or trade barriers, that can be combined with transferable intermediate ownership assets to generate superior products. Internalisation factors, typically related to the industry, produce transactional market failure in transferring ownership advantages to foreign markets. This also explains the naming of the EP as the OLI configuration as well. The eclectic model, then, pulled together the key elements of neo-classical theory – location, industrial organisation theory – monopolis tic advantage and internalization theory – transactional efficiency. It used this eclectic mix to produce an internally consistent, compelling and testable model of the multinational firm and its strategic processes.

Compare and Contrast Emily and Miss Brill Essay

Miss Brill in Katherine Mansfield’ short story â€Å"Miss Brill† and Emily in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner exhibits interesting similarities and differences. The differences and similarities are evident in their characters. The two stories appear different but the relationship they share is very profound. The stories openly to the reader the realization of similarities and dissimilarities in them and the readers in terms of themes within the story, character traits and plot advancement. The plots of the stories unfold to review the dissimilarities in the social lives between Miss Brill and Grierson Emily. The dissimilarities cannot overweigh the similarities between the two characters in the luck of romantic and genuine social lives and their fateful states of denial. The pride that associates with the community involvement is the major difference between the two characters. Normally people are proud to associate with the community since the involvement gives them a sense if something bigger. Miss Brill takes a community level with more seriously and to a higher level than Emily Grierson who does not take it with much seriousness. This fact makes them different. Miss Brill has a boring life. This fact is evident when she goes to the dark cupboard room. In the room, the almond slice of cake excites her. The depth of Miss Brill loneliness and sadness convinces her that she is an important member of the community. He fills that her contribution is the key driver of her community and in case she withdraws, the community will not survive or operate properly. She thinks that they (community) â€Å"were all stage acting. She was assigned a part sand came every Sunday. No doubt if she hadn’t been somebody there would have noticed; after all she was part of the performance† (Mansfield 20). On the other hand, Emily’s character is a clear contrast of Brill’s character. The narrator brings out the difference when he speaks of Emily’s death. According t the narrator, â€Å"the whole town attended Miss Emily Grierson’s funeral†. The narrator continues to add that, the males attend  the funeral â€Å"as a sign of respect to a fallen monument.† The females attend the funeral because they â€Å"were driven by curiosity to find out how the inside of her house appeared like since no one other than an old manservant had seen it in at least ten years† (Faulkner, 32). Miss Emily Grierson’s father confined her to into the house and continues with the state even after her death. The situation makes the people of the town curious about the life of Miss Emily Grierson’s. The only thing the Miss Emily Grierson did with people was to teach children how to paint china, a craft the people considers useless and outdated. Her l ack of involvement and disinterest in the society is clear when she evades taxes. Read Also:  Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for College She says, â€Å"See Colonel Satoris. I have no taxes in Jefferson† the colonel is dead for almost ten years. The relationship is another point of comparison between the two characters. The both lack romantic and ordinary relationship. None of the two ended up with a functional social life, although there is a bid difference between their public lives. The two stories reveal to the reader a life of two lonely women. Brill would spend her Sunday outings watching people with hopes that she would hear their voices. To her disappointment, people â€Å"did not speak.† (Mansfield, 18). Brill’s gets boredom, a mixture of feelings, and joy from things that she sees and unconsciously relates them to her own life. Comparing herself from a woman who gives her a flower confuses her about whether to reject or accept them. She finally â€Å"she throws flowers† (Mansfield, 19). Emily’s distinctive relationship with her father is the reason she lacks social relationship. His father overprotective nature denies Emily a chance to relate socially. She remembers the â€Å"the young men that had been driven away by her father† (Faulkner, 36). Her father denies her a chance to meet people, not only during the time she is alive, also after she is dead. Brill comes up with a reason for apparent signs of poor circulation ensuing from old age. The grief in her life is what causes the feeling in her. She suppresses and denies the feeling. She says, â€Å"And what they played was sunny, warm, yet there was a mere faint chill or something, what was it?-it is not sadness but rather -a something that made you desire to sing† (Mansfield, 21). The rebuff in Emily’s side is first apparent when she fails to accept her father is dead. She is dressed normally. Despite the  efforts of doctors and the ministry efforts to convince her that her dad is dead, â€Å"She said to them that her father was still alive. She remained in this state of denial for three days (Faulkner, 36). This shows the results of suppressing grief. In conclusion, even though the two stories, â€Å"A Rose or Emily† and â€Å"Miss Brill† seem to revolve around two dissimilar women living lives that completely differ; they are the same in many subtle, but valuable ways. At the same time, their lives differ in how the two women socialize.

From Grace to Grass Essay Example

From Grace to Grass Essay Example From Grace to Grass Essay From Grace to Grass Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: : From Grace to Grass About twenty years ago, I grew up knowing I was to be the only child. I can track my childhood background as a memory of affluence. In fact, my parents had secured for me a lavish lifestyle that kept me in a comfort zone of taking things for granted. Years went by and with each maturity level of my life, my small family was not the ideal family preached about in any church or valued in any religion. My parents were always at war, and the worst-case scenario was watching them fight and hurl expletives that were deafening. I hated my father for being a drunkard, especially so since he always had a strong alcoholic smell about him, and my mother annoyed me with her retaliation. Sadness would engulf me every time I saw my friends’ parents walk with them to school as I sat on the left front seat of the car waiting for the driver to park so I would alight. My parents were often busy traveling across the country and abroad leaving me in the caring hands of the nanny, but I needed mo re than that. I had everything a girl my age dreamt of at the time, but none of it was of important as I would have traded it for the simple touch of a loving and caring parent. When I approached my teenage years, rebellion was gradually developing in me since I needed a unique character to be noticed by the people in my society. A foul attitude towards people my age and even my elders was the order of the day. Every conversation that I had with those older than me was always short and terse, as in my mind they did not comprehend what I was going through. My understanding of life went down the scale because according to me, it was hopeless to search its meaning. I lost faith in God and went as far as disapproving His existence. I directed spite towards my parents for their absence at the time when I needed them most, and truly, absence did not make the heart grow fonder. I began disassociating myself with people who I deemed as paupers regardless of their kindness and harmless gestures. In my mind, they were beneath me and I could not stand how they looked or smelled. Despite their indirect infliction of pain on me, my unharmonious parents tried to talk me out of bad company, but I ignored them intentionally. I would even go as far as having long verbal arguments with them as I always thought that they were being unfair. Indulgence in alcohol and other drugs seemed like my only refuge and solace, despite their foul taste and smell, and I could not listen to any relative since they were of less value to me. Life is like a coin. It has two sides, and while one is comfortable with the side on top, he or she will be perplexed with the negative outcomes of the side at the bottom. Clearly, this did not occur to me when I tossed the ‘coin’ of life and the first side was full of bliss. While I was still in the miasma of mischief and rebellion, absurdity struck in my life when my parents were involved in a fatal road accident. This was like a complete u-turn in my life because I was reduced to an orphan. Since I had already reached 18 years, I knew exactly what death was about. It simply took away your loved ones and left you in emotional misery thinking about how your life will be in the coming years. Following the news, I had feelings of immense pain, which I expressed to anyone who would give me an audience. Emotional trauma caved owing to the questions that were multiplied in my mind. Questioning God did not bring any desired response and questioning me was worse with the frustration of being incapable of answering them. It dawned on me that I had been taking my life for granted. Whether they were imperfect or not, they were still people who brought me into this world and that was enough to accept them as they were. My parents’ death revolutionized my lif e since I started seeing things in a different perspective. It is said that experience teaches fools, and the lesson I learnt was broad enough to sustain my personality for the rest of my life. A revolution is a transformation from an immature or underdeveloped state to an improved and valuable state. The series of events in my childhood life and as I grew up brought a revolution to my life either knowingly or unknowingly. The greatest revelation was written on the wall in bold in the demise of my parents. At that juncture, I realized that we should not take people for granted because they are like flowers and they can wither away anytime. In my personal reflection, I delved into the reminiscence of the earlier times when they were still alive, and there happy times are still vivid in my mind. It also dawned on me that a smile on anyone’s face does not mean that he or she is not going through problems. I had been jealous of my classmates who seemed happy so I ended up treating them harshly. My aim, at that time, was to put them on the same level of unhappiness as I was, but that only drove me towards worse things like alcohol and drugs. My parents’ death made me establish a rehab in my inner self to deal with the emotional disorder. The relatives I despised and rejected ended up being my guardians with no friction. Everything I had been avoiding was coming face to face with me, but I learnt that dealing with them promptly would only make me stronger. I am now a strong-willed person who believes in herself taking one-step at a time in life. There is no rush in finding the meaning of life because life is a teacher by itself and it is full of experiences, which mould us to better persons. We might be in different comfort zones then suddenly, life surprises us with tormenting events that help us learn the essence of appreciating happy moments with each other regardless of the personality or background. Problems will keep on streaming in a people’s lives, but we need to learn to take control so that we deal with other subsequent ones intelligently. The absence of my parents, while they were still alive was an opportunity. I had to learn to survive without them, but I ignored it at first. The good thing is that I finally understood my life’s status. I am now strong enough to advise to my age mates or even younger children who are going through what I faced in my earlier life hoping that they will heed it and take the righ t direction. I have a positive attitude towards the outcomes of life. This revolution has elevated me to a higher position, and I believe it will help me thrive in the future.

20 Key Writing Tips to Become a Better Writer Today

20 Key Writing Tips to Become a Better Writer Today 20 Writing Tips to Improve Your Craft â€Å"The pen is mightier than the sword.† Writer Edgar Bulwer-Lytton made this keen observation nearly 200 years ago, but it remains just as true today. Writing is one of the most powerful mediums in existence, and a seemingly simple story can change countless lives - which is why so many of us choose to be writers in the first place.But sometimes it can be difficult to find the right words, to tell the story the way you want, or to start writing in the first place. That’s why we’ve compiled these 20 essential writing tips for writers like you: artists who want to hone their craft to perfection, so they can tell their stories as effectively as possible.Some of these tips are directly narrative-related, while others are more about the mentality and setting you need to cultivate in order to write. But all have one crucial thing in common: if you take them to heart, they’ll help you become a much better writer - and maybe even pen the book of your dreams. We’ll start with the story tips, then move into more technique-related advice to help you on your writing journey.If you prefer your tips in watchable form, check out this video on great writing tips that no one else will tell you. 1. Even pantsers need to planLet’s begin with an age-old question: are you a plotter or a pantser?If you’ve never heard these terms before, allow us to explain. Pantsers are writers who â€Å"fly by the seat of their pants,† i.e. start writing without preparing too much and simply trust that everything will work out. At the other end of the spectrum are plotters, who plan and outline their story extensively before they begin to write.Which is the better way forward? Well, it’s different for everyone - what works for you may not necessarily work for another writer you know.That said, experience has taught us that a little bit of planning goes a long way. That’s why we always advise some form of preparation, even if it’s just a few nuggets of your plot, before you dive into writing. Pantsers, we know it’ll be hard, but you can do it!2. Keep your outline in mindOnce you’ve prepared an outline, it’s important to actually use it. This may seem obvious, but it's seemingly one of the hardest-to-remember writing tips out there - which is why we've put it so high on our list!Many writers find themselves led astray by subplots and secondary characters, wandering into lengthy supplementary chapters that don’t really go anywhere. Then when they try to get back to the main plot, they find they’re already too far gone.Keeping your outline in mind at all times will help you avoid these disastrous detours. Even if you stray a little, you should be able to look at your outline and articulate exactly how you’ll get back to what you planned. This is especially crucial late in the writing process, when it can be hard to remember your original vision - so if you have doubts about your ability to remember your outline, definitely write it down.3. Introduce conflict earlyOf all the core elements in your story, conflict is perhaps the most important to emphasize. Conflict lies at the heart of every good narrative, creating tension that prompts people to read until the very end. So make sure readers know what your conflict is within the first few chapters!The best way to do this is through an early inciting incident, wherein the main character has a revelation and/or becomes involved in something big. For example, in The Hunger Games, the inciting incident is Katniss volunteering for the Games. Though our heroine has always held anti-Capitol views, this incident forces her to take direct action against them, launching the conflict (Katniss vs. Capitol) that will drive the next three books.Finally, remember that there are many different types of conflict. So if you have no idea what your conflict is, don’t worry; it’s probably just unconventional. For instance, your main conflict might be one that unfolds within your narrator (character vs. self), or against some large, nebulous force (like character vs. technology). But whatever it is, try to be conscious of when you introduce it and how.4. Control the pacingNothing ruins a good story like poor pacing. Even if you’ve got the most well-rounded characters, interesting plot, and sizzling conflict in literary history, sluggish pacing can still make all of it moot. So make sure you control the pacing in your story, lest readers lose interest and put down your book in frustration!In order to combat slow pacing, you’ll need to increase the tempo by:A) Cutting down lengthy sentences and descriptions, and B) Increasing action and dialogue.The former strategy works for one simple reason: it gets rid of filler and fluff. In extreme cases, you may have to cut a great deal of exposition in order to get to the beating heart of your story. This may be painful, but trust us - your readers will appreciate not having to trudge through 50 pages of buildup before your inciting incident.As for the latter, it might seem like adding more content is counterintuitive to a quicker pace. But because action and dialogue move the story forward in a concrete manner, you can always rely on them to improve slow pacing.5. Fine-tune your dialogueSpeaking of dialogue,  it's pretty critical to most stories, especially in terms of drawing in readers. Indeed, a conversation between characters is usually much more intriguing and impactful than a narrator relaying similar information.But dialogue loses its impact if the conversation goes on for too long - so for better, sharper dialogue, be concise. Say youâ₠¬â„¢re writing a story in which two characters have an argument. You want to be clear what they’re fighting about and connect it to other events and themes in your story, so you write something like this:â€Å"I can’t believe you were late coming home again! This is so typical. Just like when you forgot to pick up the groceries last week. Sometimes I don’t think you listen to me at all. You say you care about my feelings, but you don’t.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Well, maybe I don’t listen because you’re always yelling at me. No matter what I do, it always seems to be the wrong thing. I had a very important meeting tonight, for the record. You know I’m trying to get that promotion at work. I’m really trying my hardest here.†But this exchange is full of unnecessary details. After all, the reader should already be familiar with your characters, their relationship, and past events of the story - you don’t have to spoon-feed them the meaning of the conversation. So keep your dialogue short and pithy:â€Å"Nice of you to show up. What were you doing, if not getting groceries?† â€Å"Thanks for the warm reception. I had a meeting. Kind of an important one.†For more dialogue-specific writing tips, check out this post.You'll be back to writing in no time. (Image: Lonely Planet on Unsplash)17. Listen to feedbackNow for another one of those writing tips that we all have trouble with. Throughout the process of writing, and definitely after you’re finished, you should share your work with other people: your friends, family, writers’ groups, and your editor(s).Accepting and actioning critical feedback is, of course, one of the most difficult parts of being a writer. Yet it’s also one of the most important skills to have. Because the feedback you receive from friends and beta readers is the only window you have into other people’s views - until you publish and the reviews start flooding in, but by then it’s too late to change anything. So try not to view criticism as harsh, but as helpful. It might just save you from liter ary infamy later!On that note†¦18. Kill your darlingsSometimes you’ll pen a passage that’s so beautiful, so nuanced, so masterfully constructed that you want to frame it - but it doesn’t really contribute anything to the larger composition. It’s a tangential distraction, and you know in your heart that your work would be better off without it.What to do now? You probably know the answer, even if you don’t want to admit it: you have to kill your darlings. This most often refers to removing an irrelevant or otherwise distracting passage, but it may also be your title, an element of your narration, or even an entire character.In any case, if it doesn’t add to the narrative, consider dropping it. Of all our writing tips, this one is perhaps the most important for writers of short stories and flash fiction, since you really don’t have any room to waste! Painful as it might be, remember you can always save your â€Å"darling† t o rework for another project†¦ just not this one.19. Just keep writingHow do prolific, successful authors manage to turn out so many books? Basically, by keeping calm and carrying on. Stephen King writes 2,000 words every single day, even on holidays. Jane Austen wrote each day just after breakfast without fail. Kafka wrote in the wee hours of the morning, barely sleeping as a result.Now, as we’ve established, you don’t have to write every day, or with the same vigor as these authors. Jane Austen never had a smartphone distracting her, so that was kind of an unfair advantage. But you do need to keep writing with as much consistency and focus as possible!This is the best piece of advice we can give any writer, fiction or non-fiction, short-form or long. Remember that it’s a marathon, not a sprint, and keep your head down until you hit that final blessed page.20. Keep publishing in mindLast but certainly not least on this list of writing tips, we’ll co ver the potential of publishing your book once it’s finally finished. Many writers and writing websites advise not to think about publishing while writing, to simply write what you know/love/would want to read yourself, and worry about publishing later.But thinking about it as you write can really help move the process along! For one thing, if you go the traditional publishing route, you should consider how you might pitch your book to agents. What makes your story unique, and why would they want to represent it? If you start writing with the aim to publish, you can consciously highlight these distinctive elements in the story itself.On the other hand, if you’re thinking about self-publishing, the adventure truly does begin once you’ve finished the manuscript! After a round or two of editing, and possibly investing in a book cover, you should be set to put your book up on Amazon and start raking in readers.There are pros and cons to both these sides. Luckily, if you’ve gotten to this point, the hard part is over; you’ve managed to write the book of your dreams, and now what you do with it is up to you!And if you haven't quite gotten there yet, know that it's never too late. Writing is a lifelong struggle, but it's also one of the most rewarding things you can pursue. So go forth and tell the story you've always wanted to tell - we believe in you. âÅ" Did we miss anything? Tell us your best writing tips in the comments below!

Comparison of the physiology of CNS and other Body Parts Essay - 1

Comparison of the physiology of CNS and other Body Parts - Essay Example During the diagnosis and the treatment of these conditions, medical pathologists will point out the microscopic as well as the gross changes in the appearance of tissues and cells; they check the biochemical changes that are evident in different areas, including body fluids like urine and blood. The Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of the spinal cord, the brain, sensory organs, as well as the rest of the nerves that link these organs with other parts of the body (Rask, 1999). The CNS has certain characteristics that make its pathological processes different from the rest of the body. Most important, the organ is located in the spinal column and a bony skull, which makes it difficult to expand like many other organs in the body. In addition, the fact that the brain is contained in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lacks the typical lymphatic system significantly limits its immunologic capability. This structural uniqueness, also, means that the manner in which CNS responds to heali ng is different from the rest of the body. Some of the keys characteristics of CNS that makes it different from the rest of the body organisms include the non-regenerative ability of the neuron which is its functional unit; the complexity of function and structure; the concept of blood-brain barrier; and Glial framework instead of fibroblastic (Seiffert et al., 2004). The brain is made up of millions of neurons, which are classified as either motor, sensory or autonomic (McCorry, 2007). The pathological processes in different neurons differ depending on their neuronal interconnections, differences in morphology, electrical and metabolic activities and neurotransmitter type, among many others. These differences cause selective exposure of some neurons to pathological problems such as neurodegenerative and hypoxia diseases.

Need an Integrated Marketing Communications Approach by UPS & Case Study

Need an Integrated Marketing Communications Approach by UPS & Promotional Objective - Case Study Example The researcher states that UPS was finding it tough to convince customers of its capabilities in this synchronized commerce market space. Hence, it felt the need for taking an integrated marketing communications approach to convey its new positioning. The promotional objective of this new repositioning strategy was to build a sort of bridge between its old perception by the customers and its desired positioning. This led UPS to change its logo, adopt the color brown in its logo and marketing campaigns and hiring a new advertising agency. The idea was to make consumers aware of the new business lines, invite calls from them and then convert those calls into business. UPS wanted different marketing strategies for different sets of audiences or stakeholders. Therefore, it segregated them into 4 different categories from the business point of view and consumers formed the fifth category. These categories exhibited characteristics which were distinct from each other. There were shipping d ecision makers in manufacturing firms while the people were widely distributed in service firms. There were small independent business owners on one side and senior business decision makers on the other. The needs of these 4 categories were unique and hence required to be dealt separately. It was not appropriate to use a single marketing campaign for these 4 different types of audiences. Hence, it made sense for UPS to take four different approaches to marketing. Brand recall rate is the degree to which a brand name is remembered by the consumers as belonging to a brand, product, service or company. Brand recall significantly increases the probability of a brand being preferred or bought by the customer. Before the marketing campaign with the use of Brown color, UPS faced a big issue of brand recall in categories other than package shipping and delivery. Hence, the main purpose of its marketing campaign was to make consumers aware of its product lines so that they can recall the bra nd name of UPS whenever that product line is talked about.

Experimental economics summary paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experimental economics summary paper - Essay Example Thus, the article pointed out the basic role of human behavior in the ongoing economic trend in the world. The Ultimatum Game is not just a simple game but it has substantial implications in the real world. Main Findings The first main finding presented in the article is about how people may decide rationally or irrationally in a bargaining situation. In either way, the main point is that people understand the concept of having much more is a better option than having less or none in the context of decision-making process situation. Even though an individual understands that having more than enough is better than having less, still the concept of fairness is very significant in the article. Applying this in the actual setting, consumers may be unwilling to participate in exchange when the other party gets a large portion of the surplus (Thaler 203). The Ultimatum Game is a perfect replica of what is happening in the actual setting. People tend to adhere to the concept of fairness bec ause everyone seems wanting to get much more, but in reality this cannot happen most of the time. This resulted to meeting somewhere at the midway where the concept of fairness prevails.

Reasons of degradation of mangrove forests

Reasons of degradation of mangrove forests Reasons of degradation of Mangrove forests in Pakistan and its Management. Abstract: Over 600,000 hectares of Pakistans coastline is under mangrove forestation. Coastal mangrove ecosystems in Pakistan have been seriously degraded over the last 50 years as a result of freshwater diversion for agriculture, industrial and urban water pollution, over-fishing in Indus delta andoverharvesting of mangroves by the local communities, sedimentation, and coastal erosion.The Indus delta of Pakistan constitutes the most extensive mangrove forestsapproximately 129,000 ha along the coast. The data for this paper was collected from different reports and from WWF Pakistan. The paper focuses on thereasons of ecological damage ofmangroves in Pakistan and their management through sustainable use of mangrove resources, their protection and conservation.There is also a need for the creation of awareness and education among planners and coastal communities regarding the sustainable management of mangrove forests. The objectives of this paper are: Determination of causes of degradation of the mangrove forests and quantification of the areas destroyed by various factors specially. Decreasing freshwater and silt flows from Indus river. Browsing by camels Industrial and marine pollution. Management of mangrove forests by restoration and with training and awareness among people of that area. Introduction: Mangroves are the marine tidal forests that include trees, shrubs, palms, epiphytes and ferns (Tomlinson, 1986). The plants and animals community associated with mangroves is referred to as the ‘mangal (Macnae, 1968). Mangrove ecosystems have diversity of plants and animals with heterogeneous habitats and adapted to the environmental conditions of highly saline, soft bottomed anaerobic loose mud and silt (Clough, 1992).Amjad and Khan (1983) mentioned the estimated area of mangrove cover in Pakistan is about 283,000 ha consisting of 281,000 ha in Sindh and 2000 ha in Balochistan.It is one of the most productive ecosystems and a natural, renewable resource. Over the last decade, concern has grown over the ways in which human activities have altered the mangrove ecosystems of Pakistan. The rate of degradation of mangrove forests in the Indus Delta has been estimated at 6 percent between 1980 and 1995. At present, only 15 percent of mangroves here are considered healthy (Thompson a nd Tirmizi, 1995). Freshwater scarcity due to upstream diversions of river flows for agriculture,industrial water pollution and algal bloom, overgrazing, browsing by camels, lopping by villagers along the coasts,erosion caused by tidal current, cutting for fuel wood and timber, and unsustainable fishing levels are seen as the main factors associated with biodiversity loss in the mangrove forests on the coasts of Sindh and Baluchistan (IUCN Pakistan, 2005).The Indus delta is not only one of the longest deltas in the world; it is also the largest area of arid climate mangroves in the world. The natural resources it contains are of significant economic importance to Pakistan, and the time is now to conserve what is left whilst it is still in a viable condition, rather than wait until it is too late. It does this by developing zones where various activities can take place, by regulating the levels of these activities to sustainable limits and by encouraging in the participation of local people. The commitment of the main land-owning agencies in the Indus delta is required to make the concept of the Indus delta Biosphere secures a reality (Macintosh and Ashton, 2002). The management of the different resources of the mangrove ecosystem is handled by different agencies of the government, both at central and provincial levels. Forestry, fisheries and land administration agencies, for example, have specific jurisdiction over specific resources in the area of mangrove (IUCN Pakistan, 2005). It is believed that local people living in the coastal areas have been able to manage mangrove forests for their communities (Qureshi, 1984). A current working plan titled â€Å"Working Plan of Mangrove Forests for a 20 year period from 1985-2005 has been prepared with the objectives to protect the coastline from erosion, and to meet the demands of local communities provide them sustained quantities of forest products (Qureshi, 1985). Afforestation and reforestation activities are b eing undertaken on a small and large scale by IUCN in collaboration with Sindh Forest Department. The International Society for Mangroves Ecosystem (ISME) with its headquarters in Okinawa, Japan is encouraging mangrove studies and plantations along the coast of Pakistan (IUCN Pakistan, 2005). There are also many government and non-government organizations under different projects working for the management of mangrove forests in Pakistan these include the WWF, Pakistan, Sindh Forest Department, World Bank, UNDP and UNESCO. Literature review Historical records indicate that the original extent of mangrove forests has declined considerably under pressure from human activity. National proportions of original mangrove cover lost vary from 4 to 84%. For example, in Southeast Asia Malaysia lost 12% from 1980 to 1990 (Ong, 1995); the Philippines originally had 4,300 km2 but now has 1,200 km2 (Primavera, 2000); Thailand had 5,500 km2 in 1961 but 2,470 km2 in 1986 (Aksornkoae, 1993); and Vietnam 4,000 km2 originally to 2,525 km2 today (Spalding et al., 1997). Mangroves have often been considered as unproductive land and their destruction and degradation have been due to the preference for short-term exploitation for immediate economic benefit like shrim farming, rather than long-term sustainable exploitation (Saenger et al., 1983). Underestimation of the total economic value of mangroves and of the impacts of human activities are major factors contributing to the widespread loss and degradation of mangrove ecosystems (Gilbert an d Janssen, 1998). Ong (1995) considers that burgeoning populations are possibly the biggest cause of mangrove destruction and degradation because they rely heavily on marine habitats and resources for food, building materials, building sites and agricultural and recreational areas. They also use coastal areas as a dumping ground for sewage, garbage and toxic wastes. Pollution and poor land use practices within these watershed areas affect downstream marine habitats because sediments and pollutants are ultimately washed into coastal waters. Mangroves have been over exploited or converted to various other forms of land use, for example agriculture, aquaculture, salt ponds, terrestrial forestry, urban and industrial development and construction of dikes and roads (Macintosh, 1996). Global warming could be a significant threat to mangrove cover and biodiversity. Rising water (as a result of melting ice caps) could drown coastal mangrove. Projected climate change could have other effects, such as changes in ocean currents, salinity and surface temperatures. These would alter the species compositions and perhaps trigger local and global extinctionÊ ¹s (McCarthy et al.,2001). Over cutting is another major factor as Mangrove wood (especially Rhizophora spp.) is good for charcoal production because it is heavy, dense, hard and with a high calorific value (Aksornkoae, 1993). The residents of Keti bunder reported that before the construction of Sukkur barrage, the river water used to flow 9 months in the year. After its construction, this was reduced to 7 months due to decreasing flood water, the mangroves forests are being adversely affected,due mainly to salinity resulting from lack of freshwater inflows (IUCN,2005). The damage on account of browsing by camels is serious and extensive. During flood season in the River Indus, the camels from the interior of Sindh migrate to mangrove forests in herd (IUCN, 2005). Increasing populations put pressure on the production for food. Mangroves are often converted for salt production, agriculture and aquaculture. Large tracts of coastal mangrove in Asia have been converted to rice farming (FAO, 1982). The creeks represent an important resource for recreation, water sports and ecotourism for Karachi, which has relatively few such amenities nearby. Such development will change the relationship of the local people with the mangroves and will add additional stresses to the environment unless the developments are planned sensitively preservation of the area for viewing wildlife, such as migrating water fowl, dolphins and mangrove jackals is being considered, and the idea of a mangrove national park (IUCN, 2005). Off-site activities, unrelated to the mangrove ecosystem but detrimental to it, for example oil pollution, diversion of upstream freshwater resources for irrigation and offshore dredging also have detrimental effects on the mangrove ecosystem. Indirect effects of agriculture on mangroves can be seen through diversion of freshwater by agricultural schemes and run-off of agricultural residues. For example, the interception of freshwater for agriculture has severely affected the mangroves in the Indus delta of Pakistan (Hogarth, 2001). Storm damage, coastal erosion, naturally shifting hydrology, climate change and sea level rise. Karachi, which is on the northern edge of the mangrove forests of the Indus Delta, has rapidly grown in population and level of industrial activity. This has increased the pollution load on the mangroves. Along the Korangi creek a number of villages are rapidly growing and their waste is adding to the pollution problem (IUCN, 2005). Governance and institutional failure to effectively manage coastal mangrove resources. Poor planning of coastal land use and implementation of development plans Issues related to enforcement, realistic design of implementation of laws e.g. Zonation. Lack of involvement of communities in decision making (management, development of legislation, enforcement). Lack of understanding and awareness of the value of mangrove ecosystems among various groups of people including policy makers, officials, developers and local people. Compatibility issues. Timber mafia is a major threat to mangroves involved in illegal trading of fuel wood. Conflicts are common between the various departments involved. Weak coordination between different levels and different sectors of government Availability of infrastructure, manpower and equipment are inadequate for effective control over the utilization of mangrove resources (IUCN, 2005). Reserves have been established for the preservation of mangroves ecosystems or to enhance the survival of particular species within these ecosystems in atleast thirty-six countries in the world, (Vannucci, 1996). At the International Level, the common approach to major environmental policy issues has been to formulate conventions, treaties and agreements, which all concerned countries become signatories to. Mangroves are today a global issue because more than 100 countries worldwide have mangrove resources (Spalding et al., 1997). Methods for international and regional management of mangroves include Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Bio-regional management, Transboundary Protected Areas (TPA) and Biosphere Reserves (BR). The use of protected areas for conservation management has many advantages for mangroves and other coastal ecosystems (Spalding et al.,1997). The number of Transboundary Protected Areas (TBPAs) for mangroves is now growing around the world. In 1988 there were only 59 s uch areas, mainly concentrated in Europe and North America: by 1997 this figure had grown to 136, distributed through all regions of the world (World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC), 1998). Several factors have influenced this growth, including greater support from donors and international assistance for the establishment of TBPAs to enhance biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource use at an ecosystem scale. International cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region has been particularly effective with many countries sharing knowledge from many years experience of mangrove planting for reforestation purposes. International NGOs are the leading agencies in mangrove rehabilitation for example the Danish Red Cross (DRC, 1994) and the UK Save the Children Fund started mangrove planting (Macintosh et al., 1998). At the national level governments should be encouraged to ratify international and bioregional conventions and agreements, and to bring them into law so that they are a lso legally adopted at national level. The expansion of markets has driven exploitation of natural resources to extremes in some places, where levels of investment create imbalance between alternative uses for the same resource. In such cases the poor can be made poorer. Sustainable livelihoods for coastal communities are therefore dependent upon effective management of all interrelated activities in coastal areas to achieve sustainable use of both living and non-living resources, and equitable sharing of the benefits arising (Brown, 1997). There are many forms of tourism but ecotourism or nature-based tourism should be promoted because it reduces the negative social and environmental impacts of tourist visits to an area (Clark, 1998). Reforestation in indus delta and the community participation are both very effective tools for management of mangroves in that area. The proper laws and regulations should be implemented to protect the mangroves (IUCN, 2005). Discussion and Conclusion: An examination of the literature on mangroves reveals that there is still a need for further descriptive studies in Pakistan. A common need idenitified is to develop and improve the scientific knowledge base on mangrove ecology and biodiversity. Mangrove ecosystems have demonstrated high value for forestry and fisheries. They are however, under severe and increasing human pressure because a large proportion of tropical coastal populations is mangrove dependent. Mangrove ecosystems are being exploited on the basis of inadequate information and there is a growing trend toward the utilization of mangrove areas for various and often conflicting purposes.   There is an urgent need to improve and facilitate communication among mangrove scientists themselves and between them and policy makers, planners and mangrove managers. Capacity building should also include assisting stakeholders (local communities and community based organizations, government agencies and departments, university. de partments, research institutions, private companies, national and international NGOs) to increase their capability to participate in mangrove management. For example by providing boats, or boat repair facilities to fishermen and enforcement officers, or by providing equipment to monitor water pollution. People living in an around mangroves should be made aware of the importance of the mangrove ecosystems as a whole. Attempts should be made to make village people understand the environmental and social impacts of large scale exploitation operations on their land; eg. Mangrove fellings for industrialization and urbanization. Moreover active involvement of the community, local government and private industry should be enlisted and harnessed to protect, rehabilitate and conserve mangrove areas. This necessitates a more vigorous extension and information campaign and the participation of the various sectors in planning and implementing of conservation and development program for the mangrove. The coastal areas of the country lack basic amenities such as drinking water, fuel sources, and road infrastructure. Over time, the coastal population has grown as a result of increased returns from fishing, despite the poor physical infrastructure. Consequently, the demand for fresh water for house hold consumption has increased several fold. Local authorities have not assessed the household demand for water, causing the meager water supplies from seasonal rivers on the Baluchistan Coast, in particular, to be under pressure due to population growth. pollution of the marine environment is another proximate cause of biodiversity loss in the coastal areas of Pakistan. Three areas in the coastal region of the Indus Delta are significantly polluted: Keti Bunder (to the south near Sir Creek), the metropolitan center (Karachi, Port Qasim, and Rehri), and the coastline in the west (extending from Sonmiani to Jiwani). The loss of mangrove species during the last 50 years, besides being consistent with the reduced supply of fresh water to the Delta, is also consistent with the increased volume of untreated wastewater discharges from industries and the city of Karachi and its vicinity. In addition, land clearance for the construction of new sea ports, extension of existing sea ports, and establishment of industrial units near the coast has also contributed to the depletion of mangrove cover, particularly in the northern part of the Delta. Lack of alternate fuelwood aggravated the problem. Alternatives, such as kerosene oil or natural gas, are either not available or too expensive for the local communities and ultimately they fulfill their needs by cutting trees. Responsibility for protecting mangrove forests has lain with the Forest Department since the late 1950s, but only very recently has this department shown any interest in conservation of these forests. A mere expansion of responsibilities, without the requisite resources, will not help the Forest Department implement the existing laws. For example, one forest guard alone is given an area of 20,000 to 25,000 acres of mangroves to monitor. At the national level, weak environmental groups coupled with a general lack of political will to control deforestation allow weak implementation of laws to continue. These environmental groups receive inadequate support from international bodies and NGOs, while the absence of strong conditionalities related to environmental protection in larger economic and financial agreements does not promote political will on the part of the government to control deforestation. The conclusion is that the loss of mangrove species over the last 50 years is highly consistent with the reduction of fresh water and silt supplies to the Indus Delta. There is a need to create awarness among people the local government should stricly implement laws to conserve the mangroves forests.